It has been well documented that distracted
driving, especially distracted driving connected to cell phone use, is a major
cause of motor vehicle crashes both among teenagers and adults. In literature
assessing the effect of cell phone usage on driving, the risk of an accident
increases when dialing a cell phone. This may potentially be explained by
delayed braking interaction. In comparison, drivers under the influence of
alcohol exhibit a more aggressive driving style. These findings suggest that
impairments associated with cell phone use while driving can be as profound as
those associated with driving while drunk.
The New England Journal of Medicine has
published the findings of two studies on the effects of distracted driving on
car accidents, one examining the effects of distracted driving on teenagers,
and another to examine the effects of distracted driving on adults[1]. To measure the effect of performing secondary tasks on
driving, a sample of 42 newly licensed drivers (16.3 to 17.0 years of age) and
109 adults (age 18-72) with more driving experience were used. In both studies,
data-recording devices, including four cameras, and a number of vehicle sensors
including a GPS, a forward radar, a multi-axis accelerometer, and a
machine-vision lane tracker were installed in participants’ cars to assess
their behaviors while driving and during a crash or near-crash. Video and
driving-performance data were collected continuously. These devices were used
to track the number of crashes and near-crashes where the subjects were at
fault.
In the first study among teenage drivers, 167
crashes and near-crashes were identified. Among the experienced drivers, 518
crashes and near-crashes among experienced drivers were identified. The risk of
a crash or near-crash among novice drivers increased significantly if they were
dialing a cell phone, reaching for a cell phone, texting, or eating.
Experienced drivers also showed an increased risk for crashing.
The effects of driving while using a cell phone
are strong enough to compare to the effects of driving drunk[2]. In a study performed at The University of Utah, 40 adults aged 22-34 (25 men, 15 women) were recruited via
advertisements in local newspapers. These participants would use a driving
simulator designed to imitate driving in daytime driving conditions with good
visibility and dry pavement, with stop-and-go traffic. Three separate sessions
were held: one to familiarize participants with the vehicle, one to measure
their behavior under the influence of alcohol, and one while conversing on a
cell phone. While conversing on a cell phone, participants were more likely to
be involved in rear-end collisions, and their initial reaction to vehicles
braking in front of them was slowed down by 9 percent. Compared with baseline,
those talking on a cell phone took 19 percent longer to recover speed lost
during braking. When participants were intoxicated, drivers exhibited a more
aggressive driving style, braking with 23% more force and following closer to the
vehicles in front of them. Although these findings are different reactions to
different stimuli, they suggest that the effects of driving while texting are
just as severe as driving under the influence.
The Transport Research Laboratory has measured
the effect of text messaging on driver performance on people aged 17-25[3]. Seventeen participants (8
male, 9 female) were used. The participants used a driving simulator in which
the participant was required to follow a lead vehicle at a safe distance. In
one drive, participants were required to complete text messaging tasks
following verbal instructions (read a message; compose and send a message to a
contact; ignore an incoming message), and in another, they performed the same
simulation without any distractions. Driver performance was measured through
reaction times, car following ability, lane control, and driver speed. Writing
text messages created a significantly greater impairment than reading text
messages. The slowest average reaction time for drivers who were texting
increased from 1.2 to 1.6 seconds. In addition, drivers tended to reduce their
speed while texting, suggesting an awareness that the drivers were impaired
while texting. The impairment caused by texting was also more significant in
female drivers rather than male drivers. Reading text messages was less
detrimental, but was detrimental, nevertheless. Ignored text messages appeared
to have a negligible effect on performance.
These findings were compared to prior studies
measuring the influence of cannabis and alcohol on driving[4]. Reaction time impairment caused by
texting while driving was apparently greater than that caused by alcohol
consumption to the legal limit for driving, but less detrimental than using a
mobile phone for handheld conversations. Drivers who texted also drove at lower
speeds, but not as slowly as those under the influence of cannabis.
Although the research is clear, distracted
driving continues to be a pervasive problem that kills approximately 9 people
and injures over 1,000 more each day. If you or a loved one have been injured
by a distracted driver, it is important to consult with an attorney as soon as
possible. Motor vehicle accidents are complicated matters, and you need
experienced counsel to fight for your rights. For a free consultation, call
Accident Law Group today at (602) 262-4254.
[1] Sheila G. Klauer; Feng Guo; Bruce G. Simons-Morton; Marie
Claude Ouimet, Suzanne E. Lee, Thomas A. Dingus, Distracted Driving and
Risk of Road Crashes among Novice and Experienced Drivers, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa1204142
[2] David L. Strayer, Frank A. Drews, Dennis J. Crouch, A
Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver, University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. (2006). https://www.csus.edu/indiv/m/merlinos/pdf/human%20factors_%20the%20journal%20of%20the%20human%20factors%20and%20ergonomics%20society-2006-strayer-381-91.pdf
[3] https://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/texting%20whilst%20driving%20-%20trl%20-%20180908%20-%20report.pdf
[4] See, e.g., B.F. Sexton, R.j. Tunbridge, and A Board (TRL
Limited), P.G. Jackson, K. Wright, M.M. Stark, K. Englehart, The
influence of cannabis and alcohol on driving https://trl.co.uk/sites/default/files/TRL543.pdf
